US citizenship test questions 2025: all 128 with answers

The rules and the list were checked against the USCIS pages on Nov 10, 2026; links are at the end.

Which test you take: 2025 or 2008

The N-400 filing date decides, not the interview date (USCIS test updates page).

The officer stops asking once you reach the number of correct answers needed (6 or 12) or enough wrong answers that you can no longer pass (5 of 10 or 9 of 20). USCIS introduced the 2025 test to align with Executive Order 14161; it is based on the 2020 test with changes in how it is given.

How the citizenship test works

The test is oral: the officer reads a question and you answer aloud in English. There are no multiple-choice options; one correct answer from the list is enough unless the question asks for two or three. USCIS acknowledges there may be other correct answers but encourages using the ones in the official list.

The English test is part of the same interview:

• speaking and understanding - the officer judges your English while going through the N-400 with you;
• reading - read 1 of 3 sentences aloud correctly;
• writing - write 1 of 3 sentences correctly.

How to prepare for the interview itself and what is asked about the N-400 is on the US citizenship and N-400 page and in the interview questions.

The 65/20 rule

If you are 65 or older and have lived in the US as a permanent resident for 20 years or more, the questions come only from the 20 marked with an asterisk, shown below as ★ 65/20. The officer asks 10 of them and you pass with 6 correct. You may take this test in the language of your choice.

Questions whose answers change

For a few questions the answer depends on elections, appointments and where you live: your state's senators and your representative, the governor, the state capital, the President, the Vice President, the Speaker of the House, the Chief Justice. Name the person in office on the day of the interview. USCIS updates the names on uscis.gov/citizenship/testupdates.

American government (questions 1-72)

Principles of American Government

1. What is the form of government of the United States?

• Republic
• Constitution-based federal republic
• Representative democracy

2. What is the supreme law of the land? (★ 65/20)

• (U.S.) Constitution

3. Name one thing the U.S. Constitution does.

• Forms the government
• Defines powers of government
• Defines the parts of government
• Protects the rights of the people

4. The U.S. Constitution starts with the words “We the People.” What does “We the People” mean?

• Self-government
• Popular sovereignty
• Consent of the governed
• People should govern themselves
• (Example of) social contract

5. How are changes made to the U.S. Constitution?

• Amendments
• The amendment process

6. What does the Bill of Rights protect?

• (The basic) rights of Americans
• (The basic) rights of people living in the United States

7. How many amendments does the U.S. Constitution have? (★ 65/20)

• Twenty-seven (27)

8. Why is the Declaration of Independence important?

• It says America is free from British control.
• It says all people are created equal.
• It identifies inherent rights.
• It identifies individual freedoms.

9. What founding document said the American colonies were free from Britain?

• Declaration of Independence

10. Name two important ideas from the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.

• Equality
• Liberty
• Social contract
• Natural rights
• Limited government
• Self-government

11. The words “Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness” are in what founding document?

• Declaration of Independence

12. What is the economic system of the United States? (★ 65/20)

• Capitalism
• Free market economy

13. What is the rule of law?

• Everyone must follow the law.
• Leaders must obey the law.
• Government must obey the law.
• No one is above the law.

14. Many documents influenced the U.S. Constitution. Name one.

• Declaration of Independence
• Articles of Confederation
• Federalist Papers
• Anti-Federalist Papers
• Virginia Declaration of Rights
• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
• Mayflower Compact
• Iroquois Great Law of Peace

15. There are three branches of government. Why?

• So one part does not become too powerful
• Checks and balances
• Separation of powers

System of Government

16. Name the three branches of government.

• Legislative, executive, and judicial
• Congress, president, and the courts

17. The President of the United States is in charge of which branch of government?

• Executive branch

18. What part of the federal government writes laws?

• (U.S.) Congress
• (U.S. or national) legislature
• Legislative branch

19. What are the two parts of the U.S. Congress?

• Senate and House (of Representatives)

20. Name one power of the U.S. Congress. (★ 65/20)

• Writes laws
• Declares war
• Makes the federal budget

21. How many U.S. senators are there?

• One hundred (100)

22. How long is a term for a U.S. senator?

• Six (6) years

23. Who is one of your state’s U.S. senators now?

• Answers will vary. [District of Columbia residents and residents of U.S. territories should answer that D.C. (or the territory where the applicant lives) has no U.S. senators.]

24. How many voting members are in the House of Representatives?

• Four hundred thirty-five (435)

25. How long is a term for a member of the House of Representatives?

• Two (2) years

26. Why do U.S. representatives serve shorter terms than U.S. senators?

• To more closely follow public opinion

27. How many senators does each state have?

• Two (2)

28. Why does each state have two senators?

• Equal representation (for small states)
• The Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

29. Name your U.S. representative.

• Answers will vary. [Residents of territories with nonvoting Delegates or Resident Commissioners may provide the name of that Delegate or Commissioner. Also acceptable is any statement that the territory has no (voting) representatives in Congress.]

30. What is the name of the Speaker of the House of Representatives now? (★ 65/20)

• Check uscis.gov/citizenship/testupdates for the name of the Speaker of the House of Representatives.
• As of Nov 10, 2026 the USCIS updates page lists: Mike Johnson.

31. Who does a U.S. senator represent?

• Citizens of their state
• People of their state

32. Who elects U.S. senators?

• Citizens from their state

33. Who does a member of the House of Representatives represent?

• Citizens in their (congressional) district
• Citizens in their district
• People from their (congressional) district
• People in their district

34. Who elects members of the House of Representatives?

• Citizens from their (congressional) district

35. Some states have more representatives than other states. Why?

• (Because of) the state’s population
• (Because) they have more people
• (Because) some states have more people

36. The President of the United States is elected for how many years? (★ 65/20)

• Four (4) years

37. The President of the United States can serve only two terms. Why?

• (Because of) the 22nd Amendment
• To keep the president from becoming too powerful

38. What is the name of the President of the United States now? (★ 65/20)

• Check uscis.gov/citizenship/testupdates for the name of the President of the United States.
• As of Nov 10, 2026 the USCIS updates page lists: Donald J. Trump.

39. What is the name of the Vice President of the United States now? (★ 65/20)

• Check uscis.gov/citizenship/testupdates for the name of the Vice President of the United States.
• As of Nov 10, 2026 the USCIS updates page lists: JD Vance.

40. If the president can no longer serve, who becomes president?

• The Vice President (of the United States)

41. Name one power of the president.

• Signs bills into law
• Vetoes bills
• Enforces laws
• Commander in Chief (of the military)
• Chief diplomat
• Appoints federal judges

42. Who is Commander in Chief of the U.S. military?

• The President (of the United States)

43. Who signs bills to become laws?

• The President (of the United States)

44. Who vetoes bills? (★ 65/20)

• The President (of the United States)

45. Who appoints federal judges?

• The President (of the United States)

46. The executive branch has many parts. Name one.

• President (of the United States)
• Cabinet
• Federal departments and agencies

47. What does the President’s Cabinet do?

• Advises the President (of the United States)

48. What are two Cabinet-level positions?

• Attorney General
• Secretary of Agriculture
• Secretary of Commerce
• Secretary of Education
• Secretary of Energy
• Secretary of Health and Human Services
• Secretary of Homeland Security
• Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
• Secretary of the Interior
• Secretary of Labor
• Secretary of State
• Secretary of Transportation
• Secretary of the Treasury
• Secretary of Veterans Affairs
• Secretary of War (Defense)
• Vice-President
• Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
• Administrator of the Small Business Administration
• Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
• Director of the Office of Management and Budget
• Director of National Intelligence
• United States Trade Representative

49. Why is the Electoral College important?

• It decides who is elected president.
• It provides a compromise between the popular election of the president and congressional selection.

50. What is one part of the judicial branch?

• Supreme Court
• Federal Courts

51. What does the judicial branch do?

• Reviews laws
• Explains laws
• Resolves disputes (disagreements) about the law
• Decides if a law goes against the (U.S.) Constitution

52. What is the highest court in the United States? (★ 65/20)

• Supreme Court

53. How many seats are on the Supreme Court?

• Nine (9)

54. How many Supreme Court justices are usually needed to decide a case?

• Five (5)

55. How long do Supreme Court justices serve?

• (For) life
• Lifetime appointment
• (Until) retirement

56. Supreme Court justices serve for life. Why?

• To be independent (of politics)
• To limit outside (political) influence

57. Who is the Chief Justice of the United States now?

• Check uscis.gov/citizenship/testupdates for the name of the Chief Justice of the United States.
• As of Nov 10, 2026 the USCIS updates page lists: John Roberts.

58. Name one power that is only for the federal government.

• Print paper money
• Mint coins
• Declare war
• Create an army
• Make treaties
• Set foreign policy

59. Name one power that is only for the states.

• Provide schooling and education
• Provide protection (police)
• Provide safety (fire departments)
• Give a driver’s license
• Approve zoning and land use

60. What is the purpose of the 10th Amendment?

• (It states that the) powers not given to the federal government belong to the states or to the people.

61. Who is the governor of your state now? (★ 65/20)

• Answers will vary. [District of Columbia residents should answer that D.C. does not have a governor.]

62. What is the capital of your state?

• Answers will vary. [District of Columbia residents should answer that D.C. is not a state and does not have a capital. Residents of U.S. territories should name the capital of the territory.]

Rights and Responsibilities

63. There are four amendments to the U.S. Constitution about who can vote. Describe one of them.

• Citizens eighteen (18) and older (can vote).
• You don’t have to pay (a poll tax) to vote.
• Any citizen can vote. (Women and men can vote.)
• A male citizen of any race (can vote).

64. Who can vote in federal elections, run for federal office, and serve on a jury in the United States?

• Citizens
• Citizens of the United States
• U.S. citizens

65. What are three rights of everyone living in the United States?

• Freedom of expression
• Freedom of speech
• Freedom of assembly
• Freedom to petition the government
• Freedom of religion
• The right to bear arms

66. What do we show loyalty to when we say the Pledge of Allegiance? (★ 65/20)

• The United States
• The flag

67. Name two promises that new citizens make in the Oath of Allegiance.

• Give up loyalty to other countries
• Defend the (U.S.) Constitution
• Obey the laws of the United States
• Serve in the military (if needed)
• Serve (help, do important work for) the nation (if needed)
• Be loyal to the United States

68. How can people become United States citizens?

• Be born in the United States, under the conditions set by the 14th Amendment
• Naturalize
• Derive citizenship (under conditions set by Congress)

69. What are two examples of civic participation in the United States?

• Vote
• Run for office
• Join a political party
• Help with a campaign
• Join a civic group
• Join a community group
• Give an elected official your opinion (on an issue)
• Contact elected officials
• Support or oppose an issue or policy
• Write to a newspaper

70. What is one way Americans can serve their country?

• Vote
• Pay taxes
• Obey the law
• Serve in the military
• Run for office
• Work for local, state, or federal government

71. Why is it important to pay federal taxes?

• Required by law
• All people pay to fund the federal government
• Required by the (U.S.) Constitution (16th Amendment)
• Civic duty

72. It is important for all men age 18 through 25 to register for the Selective Service. Name one reason why.

• Required by law
• Civic duty
• Makes the draft fair, if needed

American history (questions 73-118)

Colonial Period and Independence

73. The colonists came to America for many reasons. Name one.

• Freedom
• Political liberty
• Religious freedom
• Economic opportunity
• Escape persecution

74. Who lived in America before the Europeans arrived? (★ 65/20)

• American Indians
• Native Americans

75. What group of people was taken and sold as slaves?

• Africans
• People from Africa

76. What war did the Americans fight to win independence from Britain?

• American Revolution
• The (American) Revolutionary War
• War for (American) Independence

77. Name one reason why the Americans declared independence from Britain.

• High taxes
• Taxation without representation
• British soldiers stayed in Americans’ houses (boarding, quartering)
• They did not have self-government
• Boston Massacre
• Boston Tea Party (Tea Act)
• Stamp Act
• Sugar Act
• Townshend Acts
• Intolerable (Coercive) Acts

78. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? (★ 65/20)

• (Thomas) Jefferson

79. When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?

• July 4, 1776

80. The American Revolution had many important events. Name one.

• (Battle of) Bunker Hill
• Declaration of Independence
• Washington Crossing the Delaware (Battle of Trenton)
• (Battle of) Saratoga
• Valley Forge (Encampment)
• (Battle of) Yorktown (British surrender at Yorktown)

81. There were 13 original states. Name five.

• New Hampshire
• Massachusetts
• Rhode Island
• Connecticut
• New York
• New Jersey
• Pennsylvania
• Delaware
• Maryland
• Virginia
• North Carolina
• South Carolina
• Georgia

82. What founding document was written in 1787?

• (U.S.) Constitution

83. The Federalist Papers supported the passage of the U.S. Constitution. Name one of the writers.

• (James) Madison
• (Alexander) Hamilton
• (John) Jay
• Publius

84. Why were the Federalist Papers important?

• They helped people understand the (U.S.) Constitution.
• They supported passing the (U.S.) Constitution.

85. Benjamin Franklin is famous for many things. Name one.

• Founded the first free public libraries
• First Postmaster General of the United States
• Helped write the Declaration of Independence
• Inventor
• U.S. diplomat

86. George Washington is famous for many things. Name one. (★ 65/20)

• “Father of Our Country”
• First president of the United States
• General of the Continental Army
• President of the Constitutional Convention

87. Thomas Jefferson is famous for many things. Name one.

• Writer of the Declaration of Independence
• Third president of the United States
• Doubled the size of the United States (Louisiana Purchase)
• First Secretary of State
• Founded the University of Virginia
• Writer of the Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom

88. James Madison is famous for many things. Name one.

• “Father of the Constitution”
• Fourth president of the United States
• President during the War of 1812
• One of the writers of the Federalist Papers

89. Alexander Hamilton is famous for many things. Name one.

• First Secretary of the Treasury
• One of the writers of the Federalist Papers
• Helped establish the First Bank of the United States
• Aide to General George Washington
• Member of the Continental Congress

1800s

90. What territory did the United States buy from France in 1803?

• Louisiana Territory
• Louisiana

91. Name one war fought by the United States in the 1800s.

• War of 1812
• Mexican-American War
• Civil War
• Spanish-American War

92. Name the U.S. war between the North and the South.

• The Civil War

93. The Civil War had many important events. Name one.

• (Battle of) Fort Sumter
• Emancipation Proclamation
• (Battle of) Vicksburg
• (Battle of) Gettysburg
• Sherman’s March
• (Surrender at) Appomattox
• (Battle of) Antietam/Sharpsburg
• Lincoln was assassinated.

94. Abraham Lincoln is famous for many things. Name one. (★ 65/20)

• Freed the slaves (Emancipation Proclamation)
• Saved (or preserved) the Union
• Led the United States during the Civil War
• 16th president of the United States
• Delivered the Gettysburg Address

95. What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?

• Freed the slaves
• Freed slaves in the Confederacy
• Freed slaves in the Confederate states
• Freed slaves in most Southern states

96. What U.S. war ended slavery?

• The Civil War

97. What amendment says all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are U.S. citizens?

• 14th Amendment

98. When did all men get the right to vote?

• After the Civil War
• During Reconstruction
• (With the) 15th Amendment
• 1870

99. Name one leader of the women’s rights movement in the 1800s.

• Susan B. Anthony
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Sojourner Truth
• Harriet Tubman
• Lucretia Mott
• Lucy Stone

Recent American History and Other Important Historical Information

100. Name one war fought by the United States in the 1900s.

• World War I
• World War II
• Korean War
• Vietnam War
• (Persian) Gulf War

101. Why did the United States enter World War I?

• Because Germany attacked U.S. (civilian) ships
• To support the Allied Powers (England, France, Italy, and Russia)
• To oppose the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria)

102. When did all women get the right to vote?

• 1920
• After World War I
• (With the) 19th Amendment

103. What was the Great Depression?

• Longest economic recession in modern history

104. When did the Great Depression start?

• The Great Crash (1929)
• Stock market crash of 1929

105. Who was president during the Great Depression and World War II?

• (Franklin) Roosevelt

106. Why did the United States enter World War II?

• (Bombing of) Pearl Harbor
• Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor
• To support the Allied Powers (England, France, and Russia)
• To oppose the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan)

107. Dwight Eisenhower is famous for many things. Name one.

• General during World War II
• President at the end of (during) the Korean War
• 34th president of the United States
• Signed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 (Created the Interstate System)

108. Who was the United States’ main rival during the Cold War?

• Soviet Union
• USSR
• Russia

109. During the Cold War, what was one main concern of the United States?

• Communism
• Nuclear war

110. Why did the United States enter the Korean War?

• To stop the spread of communism

111. Why did the United States enter the Vietnam War?

• To stop the spread of communism

112. What did the civil rights movement do?

• Fought to end racial discrimination

113. Martin Luther King, Jr. is famous for many things. Name one. (★ 65/20)

• Fought for civil rights
• Worked for equality for all Americans
• Worked to ensure that people would “not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character”

114. Why did the United States enter the Persian Gulf War?

• To force the Iraqi military from Kuwait

115. What major event happened on September 11, 2001 in the United States? (★ 65/20)

• Terrorists attacked the United States
• Terrorists took over two planes and crashed them into the World Trade Center in New York City
• Terrorists took over a plane and crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia
• Terrorists took over a plane originally aimed at Washington, D.C., and crashed in a field in Pennsylvania

116. Name one U.S. military conflict after the September 11, 2001 attacks.

• (Global) War on Terror
• War in Afghanistan
• War in Iraq

117. Name one American Indian tribe in the United States.

• Apache
• Blackfeet
• Cayuga
• Cherokee
• Cheyenne
• Chippewa
• Choctaw
• Creek
• Crow
• Hopi
• Huron
• Inupiat
• Lakota
• Mohawk
• Mohegan
• Navajo
• Oneida
• Onondaga
• Pueblo
• Seminole
• Seneca
• Shawnee
• Sioux
• Teton
• Tuscarora
• For the full list of tribes, see bia.gov.

118. Name one example of an American innovation.

• Light bulb
• Automobile (cars, internal combustion engine)
• Skyscrapers
• Airplane
• Assembly line
• Landing on the moon
• Integrated circuit (IC)

Symbols and holidays (questions 119-128)

Symbols

119. What is the capital of the United States?

• Washington, D.C.

120. Where is the Statue of Liberty?

• New York (Harbor)
• Liberty Island [Also acceptable are New Jersey, near New York City, and on the Hudson (River).]

121. Why does the flag have 13 stripes? (★ 65/20)

• (Because there were) 13 original colonies
• (Because the stripes) represent the original colonies

122. Why does the flag have 50 stars?

• (Because there is) one star for each state
• (Because) each star represents a state
• (Because there are) 50 states

123. What is the name of the national anthem?

• The Star-Spangled Banner

124. The Nation’s first motto was “E Pluribus Unum.” What does that mean?

• Out of many, one
• We all become one

Holidays

125. What is Independence Day?

• A holiday to celebrate U.S. independence (from Britain)
• The country’s birthday

126. Name three national U.S. holidays. (★ 65/20)

• New Year’s Day
• Martin Luther King, Jr. Day
• Presidents Day (Washington’s Birthday)
• Memorial Day
• Juneteenth
• Independence Day
• Labor Day
• Columbus Day
• Veterans Day
• Thanksgiving Day
• Christmas Day

127. What is Memorial Day?

• A holiday to honor soldiers who died in military service

128. What is Veterans Day?

• A holiday to honor people in the (U.S.) military
• A holiday to honor people who have served (in the U.S. military)

Key takeaways

1. N-400 filed on or after Oct 20, 2025 - the 2025 test: up to 20 questions from 128, 12 correct to pass.
2. Filed earlier - the 2008 test: up to 10 questions from 100, 6 correct.
3. Answers are oral and in English; there are exceptions for older long-time green card holders, such as the 65/20 rule.
4. For English reading and writing you need 1 sentence out of 3.
5. Check the names of the President, the Speaker and other officials on the USCIS updates page before the interview.

FAQ

Related

Official sources

• USCIS: Study for the Test - the 2008 and 2025 tests, the English test, the 65/20 rule
• USCIS: 2025 Civics Test - 20 questions from 128, 12 correct
• USCIS: 128 Civics Questions and Answers (M-1778, 09/25), PDF - the official list of questions and answers
• USCIS: Check for Test Updates - which test by filing date and the answers that change

Checked against the primary sources on Nov 10, 2026.

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From community discussions

• «I recommend using completely different wording, fonts, and formatting in the recommendation letters. Each person writes and formats in their own way: Dear USCIS officer, To whom it may concern, Dear Sir/Madam. The closings are different too, the header too - sometimes on the right, sometimes on the left, sometimes a company letterhead.»

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• «How to choose an expert for a recommendation letter: founders or co-founders of successful startups (at least at Series A funding stage), C-level executives or VPs of large companies (100+ employees), investors, large customers, patent holders, government officials, leaders of prominent organizations.»

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• «I ran into all kinds: a friend I talked to a lot (a former colleague) refused to even sign a recommendation letter, while some almost complete strangers, Americans, signed easily.»

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